Which staircase is better: metal or concrete? Which staircase is better

Oh, well that's easy enough if you're in 10th grade right now. If at 11, you woke up a little late, of course, but there is still a chance and quite a big one.

First, you need to set a goal for yourself and work towards it. My goal was 100, I started from the very beginning of 11th grade. My baggage was very small, mainly formed on the basis of a course in Russian literature of the 19th century and the work of Karamzin as retold by my father-historian. So you must sit down and clearly evaluate what you can hope for. I was preparing together with a friend, an applicant to a provincial law school, who didn’t try very hard, but he just needed to overcome the threshold of 50 points, which he successfully did.

Then you need to buy benefits. I took the usual ones from FIPI, plus a separate manual for complex tasks. Take a book with CIMs and solve them, write part C in full in a specially kept notebook. It is advisable to find a teacher who can check them. Or by keys. Solve as many tests as possible and get better at it.

Learn the codifier. Or at least read it carefully several times. You must know how each task is done. What points are given and taken away for? I highly recommend finding materials for teachers checking the Unified State Exam on the Fipi website - there are samples of tasks completed for average and high scores (Part C).

Buy manuals with pictures and maps. The most frequently asked questions about maps are Slavic tribes, major battles and uprisings. It is very desirable to know what each ruler of Russia looks like (I’m not talking about Rurik and Svyatoslav, but it is imperative to distinguish Khrushchev from Andropov and Chernenko).

Keep tables. From the largest battles of World War II to the reforms of Alexander I. If convenient, take notes. I didn’t write and just circled the right places in the textbook because it’s easier for me.

If you want a good score, don't forget about culture. A lot of people miss it, especially those who are not preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature. Feofan the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Falcone, Ton, Feofan Prokopovich and others, others, others. Learn famous churches, buildings, paintings, artists. There is a lot (!!!) of things here. Don't forget the culture of the 80s and 90s. Including TV shows.

Hang excerpts from your least favorite and difficult topics above your desk. For me, these were all sorts of officials of the USSR (this question is very popular on the Unified State Exam) and the Pugachev uprising, I don’t even know why.

Be prepared to study one topic 8, 9, 10 times. History is forgotten terribly quickly because there is so much information. I advise you to start with the most ancient one and end with Putin, it’s also advisable to learn him, you never know what they’ll come up with.

Find a friend and get ready together. It's fun and interesting, especially if your friend knows much more than you.

And don't express your opinion so clearly. If your grandmother was very offended by Brezhnev personally at one time, do not write nasty things about him in part C, even if it seems to you that you are absolutely right. Be completely neutral.

I myself passed with a 93, and the points were deducted in part C, and, as it seemed to me, this was completely unfair. The appeal had to take place 300 kilometers from my city on the day of my school graduation, and my mother did not let me go. So it goes.

At the DVI in History at Moscow State University (Faculty of History), I scored 95, if that.

When choosing a future profession, the question arises about the place of further study. You can only get into the best university in the country and the most sought-after faculty by receiving a score close to 100 points on all required Unified State Examinations. If your chosen specialty requires historical knowledge, you should find out how to better and more effectively prepare for the Unified State Exam in history in order to earn the highest possible points.

Unified State Exam 2020 in history

History is an optional exam in 2020. The right to choose is given to the student himself, and depends on the university and the area of specialization where he decided to enroll.

Those who pass history have access to the country's top universities in a wide variety of fields.

What tasks does the exam include?

You can get acquainted with the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2020 in history on the official website www.fipi.ru/. The exam consists of 2 parts and includes 25 tasks.

Part 1 covers 19 tasks testing the basic level of knowledge. Almost all of them offer answer options. You need to correctly enter the required number in the provided cells.

The 2nd part consists of 6 tasks of increased difficulty.

Tasks 20 to 22 are completed based on the document excerpt given in the Unified State Examination text. They test not only knowledge of history, but also the ability to analyze and systematize the proposed documentary source.
Questions 23 and 24 are reasoned mini-essays, in which you need to provide at least 2 facts as evidence based on given historical material to confirm your thoughts. Otherwise, points will be reduced.
Task 25 is a real essay on one of the proposed historical time periods. The task is the most capacious in terms of points (11 points), but also the most difficult.

It is almost impossible to prepare for the Unified State Exam in History in a month due to the huge volumes of information.

Examples

The website https://hist-ege.sdamgia.ru/ is convenient when preparing for the Unified State Exam. It has the opportunity to take the entire test and find out the points awarded, or you can select a separate topic and work on the proposed tasks on it. All options are updated monthly. There is also a timer that records the time spent answering.

Several examples of proposed tasks.

Task 1. It is necessary to correctly arrange 3 events in chronology:

Murder of Prince Igor.
Founding of Novgorod.
Formation of the empire of Charlemagne.

Not only historical knowledge related to Russia is required, but also basic information on world history. The event from point 1 occurred in 945, from point 2 - in 862, and from point 3 - in 800. The answer to task 1 should look like this: 321.

Task 2. It is required to establish a correspondence between events and dates:

When completing this task, you should find events that are 100% known. For example, the baptism of Rus' (988) and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (1941). Next, from the remaining dates you need to remove those that definitely do not fit: 2013 and 1054. That leaves 1564 and 1648. The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov is known for several riots, including the salt riot. The year 1648 should correspond to it. Answer: A-5, B-3, C-6, D-2.

Task 9. Indicate the correspondence between the terms and the rulers in whose time they appeared.

Answer: A-3, B-1, B-2, B-5.

Task 25. It is proposed to write an essay, choosing one of the periods: 1425–1505, 1762–1796, 1941–1943. You should indicate at least 2 personalities of this period and 2 events.

When choosing the period 1941–1943, it is known that the Great Patriotic War was famous for a large number of military leaders: G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, L.A. Govorov. The commander-in-chief was I.V. Stalin. The most famous battles and events in the initial period of the war: the battle for Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad, the defense of Leningrad, the defense of Sevastopol.

What specialties will require an exam?

Knowledge of history is required for admission to the following areas and specialties:

story;
archeology;
philosophy;
cultural studies;
art history;
sociology;
religious studies;
theology;
political science;
linguistics;
international relationships;
tourism;
hotel business.

Reliability issue

The reliability and durability of wooden stairs depends on the type of wood used for their manufacture. Structures made of oak, beech and ash, which are highly hard, will last at least 50 years. And with proper care and compliance with operating conditions, their service life will be much longer.

Another feature is that the manufacture of wooden stairs is carried out in the workshop according to pre-developed drawings. This allows you to take into account all the nuances at the project development stage and guarantees an exact correspondence of the sizes of all identical structural elements in relation to each other.

There is no need to worry about wooden stairs squeaking. Structures manufactured under production conditions using fastening and gluing technology are completely free of this drawback. Backlash may appear after decades of use. But this is not a problem either, since experienced specialists know many ways that can, if not completely get rid of squeaks, then significantly minimize them.

Wood is a warm, durable and natural material, so wooden stairs have no analogues in terms of external and performance qualities.

Good afternoon, dear homebodies. If you are the owner of a two-story cottage, you understand that an important element of the interior in such a house is the staircase. A modern building must successfully fulfill its functional obligations and have an aesthetically attractive appearance that fits into the design of the room.

The aesthetic component is an important aspect in choosing a staircase; a tastelessly modeled design can spoil the impression of the most expensive renovation or exquisite furniture decorating the personal space of the owner of a country house.

You can order a ready-made structure, which the craftsmen will deliver and install in a special place determined by the owners under the stairs. You can purchase a product that will be assembled before your eyes: specialists will build the base and install the steps and railings.

Reliability; Ease of use; A harmonious combination of the design of steps and railings with the interior features of the room.

It is often difficult for customers to immediately select the material from which stair elements will be made. You can often hear the question: “Which stairs are better: wooden or metal?” Let's discuss the design features, advantages and disadvantages of structures made of wood and metal structures.

How to quickly and effectively prepare for the Unified State Exam in History

It is impossible to gain deep knowledge of Russian history in a short period of time. In addition, the Unified State Exam contains tasks that require basic knowledge of world history. Due to the large volume, you should start preparing for the history exam in advance, from the 10th grade. In 2 years, you can study the material in depth, which covers not only knowledge of dates, events and figures, but also the ability to work with maps and analyze historical documents.

If you decide to take history, it is better to start preparing for the Unified State Exam at least a year in advance.

Study the subject yourself or contact a tutor? This issue is decided by each individual. It is necessary to take into account that no tutor will be able to put a large number of dates and events into his head. You will have to memorize this yourself. A good tutor will be able to guide and organize the preparation process, and will tell you about the intricacies and criteria for assessing assignments.

In a few months

When preparing for history in a few months, it will be more difficult to thoroughly master all historical material.

It is recommended to study the subject every day. You shouldn’t attack a story one day and then forget about it for a week.
Lessons should be divided into several parts. In part 1, study the theory. The educational material is not just read, but a plan or outline is drawn up based on the information that was gleaned from the topic being studied. Take a short break to better assimilate the material. Then, in part 2, solve tests based on the theory you have read, of which there are a large variety offered on the Internet. This will help you understand and reinforce the topic.
Based on the material studied, it is recommended to study all the maps available in textbooks, view illustrations and posters related to the period under consideration.
When resting, don't relax. You need to make good use of your free time by watching documentaries on historical topics.

When studying topics, you should arrange them in the correct chronological sequence, without tearing out individual pieces of material. Then the cause-and-effect relationships of all subsequent events will be clear.

In 1 month

The less time left before the exam, the less material the examinee will be able to learn. In a month you can only superficially study the main points of history. It is impossible to gain in-depth knowledge of the subject in such a short period.

Task 25 usually offers 3 options for historical periods. As practice shows, they definitely contain the 20th century. It is worth paying more attention to studying materials about this time: characteristics of historical figures, their reforms, events. There is not enough time for a detailed study of other periods.

It is impossible to independently study and systematize all historical material in a month. You can resort to the services of professionals. A number of universities offer express preparation for the Unified State Exam. You should choose an educational institution where history is a core subject.

In 1–2 weeks

It is impossible to prepare weeks before any exam.

In such a short period of time, you can only go through all the material again, refreshing it in your memory. Even if the student has a unique memory in a week, he can only memorize the dates and names of the main personalities. But there is unlikely to be time left to study historical documents, reforms, maps and illustrations, or to study in depth any historical period to write an essay. You should not count on a high score with this approach to the subject.

Basic requirements for staircase material

Basic requirements that the staircase material must meet:

Strength;
Moisture resistance;
Durability;
Chemical resistance;
Weather resistance;
Fire safety;
Easy installation;
Environmental cleanliness;
Ease of use;
Easy to care for;
Aesthetic appeal.

Additionally, the steps must be highly resistant to abrasion and have a non-slip surface.

In addition, the cost of staircase construction is of great importance.

Strength of the staircase structure

In terms of strength characteristics, wood is significantly inferior to metal. However, valuable wood species have sufficient strength necessary for the normal operation of the staircase structure.

The hardest rocks are:

Maple.

Of the other options, it is better to choose larch, which is stronger than pine and other soft woods.

In terms of the strength of the connection of individual elements, wooden structures are also inferior to metal ones. Over time, the wood dries out and the joints become loose.

Metal stairs do not have this problem. The design of a metal staircase has:

Reliability;
Resilience;
Rigidity.

The exception is aluminum. It is a fairly soft material and can be easily deformed.

Moisture resistance of staircase elements

Exposure to moisture is equally destructive for both untreated wood and ordinary steel. All wooden elements must be protected from water using special means:

Moisture-resistant impregnations;
Paint;
Lakov.

When using wooden stairs outdoors, such protection is absolutely necessary. It will constantly need to be updated. For example, beech is unstable to moisture and can become deformed, while larch does not rot.

Modern production technologies make it possible to produce wood-based materials that are reliably protected from the harmful effects of water. For example, wood-polymer composite.

Ordinary steel is absolutely unstable to corrosion and requires mandatory processing. To prevent rust from reducing the strength characteristics of a metal structure, it is necessary to paint the metal with special compounds. In addition, the metal will need constant care to maintain the appearance of the staircase and increase its service life.

The following are resistant to corrosion:

Stainless steel;
Aluminum;
Chromed steel.

If the staircase structure is not assembled using welded joints, then the systems made from these types of metal can be used outdoors for a very long time.

But if welding is used, then the joints of the elements require special attention. They must be thoroughly cleaned and coated with protective compounds.

Durability

Wooden stairs can last quite a long time. Good examples are the magnificent staircase complexes in many historical buildings.

But this requires the use of valuable wood, which is perfectly prepared, well dried, and treated with special compounds from:

Rotting;
Mold;
Gribkov;
Insects;
Rodents.

In addition, appropriate temperature and humidity conditions are required. In the future, the finished structure must be constantly maintained in an aesthetically attractive form.

Exterior wooden stairs that have not been treated on time and properly will quickly lose their normal appearance.

Sometimes it is no longer possible to restore it. Of the metals, stainless steel has the longest service life.

Regular profiled steel will last longer than wood.

But it also requires special treatment and subsequent care.

Resistance of materials to aggressive and atmospheric influences

If we compare the resistance of wood and metal to aggressive and atmospheric influences, then metal structures have higher technical performance.

Wood is very susceptible to most acids, alkalis and other unfavorable factors.

Fire safety of staircase system

If we consider the issue of fire safety of wood and metal, then it is clearly not decided in favor of wooden structures.

Wooden staircase structures in the building should be located away from any possible sources of fire. Even treating them with special fire-retardant compounds does not provide a complete guarantee of fire safety.

Metal structures resist high temperatures much longer. Of course, they also lose their technical characteristics as a result of prolonged exposure to open fire. But during a fire, the metal does not emit combustion products, and no smoke occurs from it.

In order to reliably protect the metal structures of stairs, they are coated with special fire retardant compounds and paints.

Easy processing of material and installation of the structure

Wood is much easier to process than metal. For this reason, you can independently create a larger number of shapes, sizes, and decorative elements from it.

With metal everything is more complicated. In factory conditions it is very plastic and can be done:

Profile products;
Casting;
Forging.

But all these will be ready-made parts, or separate modules, from which you can assemble not so many options for stairs with your own hands. As a rule, they are accompanied by instructions from the manufacturer.

The production of individual designs to order immediately leads to an increase in the price of the product. Few people can make a forged staircase on their own, or use a welding machine.

Environmentally friendly material

The naturalness of wood and its valuable properties for creating a favorable indoor microclimate are well-known facts. No other material can compete with this.

Often the choice in favor of a wooden staircase in the house is made precisely for this reason. Wood creates unique comfort and warmth in any room.

From an environmental point of view, there are no questions about untreated wood materials. However, when various chemicals are used to protect wood, they must be chosen very carefully.

Environmentally friendly material - wood

Important! It is strictly forbidden to use materials intended only for external use to process wood inside the house. They, as a rule, very reliably protect the wooden surface from various adverse influences, but emit substances hazardous to human health.

You should select impregnations, paints and varnishes with natural ingredients. Products with certificates - well-known brands - deserve more trust.

Metal itself is an absolutely clean environmental material. A problem with metal stairs can be caused by treating them with unsafe compounds.

Therefore, their choice should also be approached with caution.

Ease of use of the ladder

Wooden stairs are more convenient to use than metal ones. The safety of descent and ascent on non-slip steps that isolate sounds, the pleasant naturalness of the steps and railings are the undeniable advantages of wood. They do not create inconvenience when walking.

The only serious drawback is the presence of creaking steps. It often occurs during operation, due to drying out of the wood or improper assembly of the structure.

The disadvantages of metal stairs during their operation include:

Slippery steps;
Low sound insulation;
Heating of the structure in the sun and strong cooling at low temperatures.

Slippery metal steps can pose a serious hazard and require greater caution when walking on them. If there are children in the house, then using a metal ladder becomes even more dangerous.

The noise that is created during the operation of a metal staircase can be reduced by using special coverings for the steps.

The metal tends to react strongly to temperature, which makes it unsafe to use. If the handrails are heated in the sun for a long time, they can cause burns. When the ambient temperature drops below zero, unprotected hand skin can also suffer from direct contact with metal.

One option to avoid this is to finish the railings with wood.

The aesthetic appeal of the staircase as a decorative element

The design of stairs made of wood and metal is a purely individual matter. Some people prefer the naturalness and natural beauty of wooden structures.

Others will opt for metal products.

Purely metal staircase designs cannot boast such a wide variety of design options as wooden models.

Cost of staircase construction

The most budget option made of wood is a pine staircase.

For a metal staircase, the simplest design is made from ordinary steel profiles.

But these are very low-cost and, accordingly, purely practical options. There's not much to talk about aesthetics here. If you choose more design solutions, then generally a metal staircase will cost more than a wooden one.

Yes, when using exotic wood species with artistic finishing of elements, the price for an exclusive option can reach huge sums.

Which staircase is cheaper: wooden or metal - depends on the type of material and the complexity of the design. But this is a purely individual choice.

How to properly manage your time during an exam

You have 3 hours and 55 minutes to complete all history tasks. In order to complete time-consuming tasks, you need to properly allocate exam time. You should not spend more than 3-5 minutes on each question from Part 1. If in doubt, it is better to move on to the next questions. Having completed all the tasks in Part 1, you should return to the unanswered questions and try to consider them again.

You can spend 10–15 minutes to complete the tasks of part 2. You should distribute your time in such a way that you have a free hour left to write on assignment 25.

Some students try to start with the 2nd part, getting carried away with writing an essay. It is difficult to control time during an exam, so this approach can lead to the fact that there is no time left to complete other tasks. In addition, starting with complex tasks, you can panic when you discover a lack of knowledge on the proposed tasks. It is recommended to move from simple to complex.

This will help you better tune in to more complex questions.

Having chosen a specialty that requires Unified State Examination results in history, you need to properly organize your preparation. It is required to rationally distribute time between studying theory, taking tests, getting acquainted with historical maps and illustrations. You should spend at least 2 hours a day preparing. It is recommended to study topics in chronological order. When starting to consider the next period, constantly refer to the materials already covered, consolidating them. It is quite possible to prepare for the Unified State Exam on your own. A good tutor will only be able to give you the right direction and explain the intricacies of completing the second part of the assignments.

Hello, dear readers of the site, applicants, teachers and, probably, parents! All of you, of course, are rooting for applicants to pass the Unified State Exam with 100 points and enter prestigious universities. This desire is understandable. However, its implementation depends on the quality of the preparation itself.

In the last post, when we examined Khrushchev’s reign, I promised that I would post a post on this topic. Preparing for the Unified State Exam in history is quite a serious undertaking and should not be approached with disdain. In this article, I will analyze the mistakes that 95% of all guys make, and also outline the paths that you can follow to successfully prepare for history.

It is no secret that there is a lot of material on history, and learning it all is an extremely labor-intensive task. How to do this correctly? Read on and find out!

Many students make unforgivable mistakes. Now I will list them, if you do this, stop doing it. So, let's prepare for the exam in history correctly!

Combined staircase designs

In order to use all the advantages of materials and reduce or even eliminate their disadvantages, you can use a combined version of stairs.

The combination of metal and wood in structures is very common; they complement each other perfectly.

Stairs made of metal and wood can be used both inside and outside the building.

Stairs on a metal frame

Metal-wood stairs are mainly used, which consist of:

Metal supporting frame;
Wooden steps;
Combined fencing.

That is, metal acts as a more durable and reliable support option. Wood gives the structure an attractive appearance and ease of use. Wooden stairs with a metal base can be made in any shape and size.

Their main advantages are:

Durability;
High strength;
Rigidity;
Sustainability;
Easy to assemble.

The cost of a combined structure is, most often, much cheaper than a completely wooden version of the staircase.

Modern metal production technologies make it possible to create lightweight structures. They can be sheathed not only with natural wood, but also with various materials based on it.

In order to reduce the cost of stairs, you can combine expensive types of wood - for elements with high operational load, and cheap species - for products that are less subject to wear.

For example, the following are made from solid wood:

Steps;
Supports;
Handrails.

From pine or birch you can build:

End parts of steps;
Frame sheathing;
Skirting boards;
Other vertical parts.

Wooden steps, which are attached to a metal frame, eliminate creaking and can be easily replaced if necessary.

In addition, wooden steps have the greatest safety when moving along the stairs. There is less chance of slipping - injuries from a fall will not be significant.

It’s quite easy to give a staircase on a metal frame a completely new look if you completely change all the wooden elements.

Combined staircase - photo

The metal frame can be completely covered with wood.

The strength of the structure will be high, and aesthetically it will look like wood.

Stairs with a combined frame

You can combine different options for supports and fences. For example, wooden steps rest on one side on a wooden stringer, and the other side is attached to metal bolts. Metal fencing gives the structure additional strength.

There are a lot of options for combining staircase structures made of wood and metal.

Combined stair railing

Another option is to combine stair railings.

Cold metal railings and handrails are sheathed in wood or made entirely of wood. Support posts can be made from both materials.

Filling the internal space between them is possible from decorative metal elements.

For outdoor use, it is better to choose the option of a metal staircase - it is less susceptible to external atmospheric influences;
Indoors, a combined option is perfect - the combination of strength and stability with an aesthetic component will give the user much more convenience than mono-material stairs;
For the installation of transformable attic stairs, it is better to choose lightweight metal structures;
Any working stairs should be made of aluminum;
Completely wooden structures will definitely fit perfectly into the design of a wooden house.

Which is better: metal or wooden stairs? Everyone approaches this issue individually. There is no definite answer here, and everyone has their own choice. More information about the designs of stairs made of wood and metal can be found by watching the video in this article.

Common Preparation Mistakes

Mistake #1

. Students simply read the history manual, thinking that once they read it, they will remember everything. When you read it, you are sure that you know the topic. Alas, this confidence is refuted by the very first verification test.

CONCLUSION:

Reading is not high-quality memorization of material!

Mistake #2.

Students hope to be able to learn the material a week before the exam. As a result, they delay studying the material, then “wake up” and realize that they don’t have time to do anything, since there is clearly a lot of material.

CONCLUSION:

never delay studying the material, especially history!!!

Mistake #3.

Students read the textbook, try to remember all the dates and definitions - but they fail, since there are so many of them.

CONCLUSION:

never try to learn everything thoroughly - it is impossible unless you have a photographic memory!

Mistake #4.

Students begin preparing for the Unified State Exam in history 10 months before the Unified State Exam and do so sequentially, studying topics in chronological order. As a result, they only have time to prepare for the topics, but do not have time to solve the tests or practice their solving skills.

CONCLUSION:

If you started preparing for the Unified State Exam in history in 11th grade, then prepare not in chronological order.

Now I’ll actually explain how exactly you need to prepare for the Unified State Exam. There are two ways.

The first way

You have been preparing since 10th grade. In this case, you need to prepare chronologically, sequentially. That is, first Ancient Rus'... etc. by periods. After studying each period, you must
immediately solve the tests
. How exactly to teach? Take a notebook with notes (school or the one filled out during preparation with a tutor), take a normal allowance, and cards. Maps can be downloaded from the Internet. Also prepare a blank sheet of paper and a pen.

Choose a topic. First, you read the notebook, refreshing your memory of the general material, then you read the SAME TOPIC in the textbook or manual, comparing what is new in the textbook and what is not in the notebook. At the same time, look at the map corresponding to this period. On a piece of paper, write down a plan for an ORAL answer on THIS topic. The plan should be complete, but the wording itself should be short. The volume of the plan should not exceed a notebook sheet, but it should be segmented into points and sub-points.

By doing this, you immediately hone at least three skills: the skill of working with texts, the skill of summarizing the material and writing it down in a new short form - an outline. The skill of searching for new information in addition to what has already been studied. In addition, by making a plan for each topic studied, you receive short plans for answers to all topics of the course! In the future, to remember the material, it will be enough to just look at the plan! A history course designed in this way will guarantee your quality preparation.

It is better to use maps and books instead. After all, visual presentation of material is 5-10 times more effective.

The second way

You have been preparing since 11th grade. In this case, you do not have time for consistent study. Or rather, there is. But in order to thoroughly work on each topic, you will have to spend at least 3-4 hours a day! After all, every topic has personalities, wars, reforms, etc. Therefore, you prepare in blocks. For example: block “Foreign Policy. Interaction with the South." Here you are looking for all the wars that Russia waged with the East and South, starting from Ancient Rus' and up to 1991. You analyze these wars according to plan: Prerequisites, Reasons, Reason, Course of events, Results.

Write down the plan for each war in a separate notebook. Of course you use maps, manuals, and the Internet. Next, take a topic, for example, “Serfdom,” and look for all the material from 1497 to 1861. Make a plan on this topic that is extremely short in scope, but complete in content.

Of course, after each topic you solve thematic tests. By doing this, you, firstly, create a plan for each topic, and secondly, study the entire topic from beginning to end! Having studied all the topics in this way, you will not need to think about those periods that you did not have time to study! This is simply impossible with this approach!

Here, dear friends, we are preparing for the Unified State Exam in history! Of course, you may think that this is unrealistic. But believe me, the main thing when preparing for the Unified State Exam is not memorization of the material, but its systematization! Also look at this material on self-preparation for the Unified State Exam... And memorization occurs by itself after working through each topic independently directly during systematization!

The third way

Today, however, self-training is completely useless for several reasons. The main ones are the children’s illusions about their time, as well as the illusion that they simply have an excellent memory, thanks to which they will instantly remember everything.

In fact, when they begin to analyze topics, despondency arises, and sometimes even nervous breakdowns - because there is really too much material.

Therefore, the third way to properly prepare for the Unified State Exam in history is associated with professional training, when a professional prepares you for the Unified State Exam. I am such a pro, and since 2020 we have opened our training courses, in which all the theory is laid out on the shelves, according to the Unified State Examination Codifier.

Thanks to our courses, dozens of children have already passed exams with scores above 90 (!) in this discipline and entered a university on a budget. Because in our courses we also build an individual strategy for entering the university. Nobody does this, only us!

To find out more about our courses, just click on this button:

Students in grades 10 and 11 are thinking about where they will go after graduating from school, what subjects they will need to take to enter a higher education institution, and how best to prepare for the Unified State Exam in history, mathematics, Russian language and physics.

Most students belong to the humanities, which means that in addition to the Russian language, they take social studies, literature and history. However, preparing for these subjects is no easier than an exam in physics or chemistry, so it is worth knowing a few important points in order to successfully pass the exam.

Which staircase is cheaper - concrete or wooden?

When constructing a multi-storey building, it is worth considering the entire project as a whole. Particular attention should be paid to the stairs, since some models of these products are best installed as the house is being built.

In this regard, a logical question arises: “Which staircase to choose?”

Thanks to modern materials, you can easily build a wooden, metal or concrete staircase of almost any shape.

It is necessary to take into account not only the cost of the staircase itself, but also the cost of finishing it. Therefore, we will consider all the pros and cons of products made from the most common materials, as well as the shapes of stairs.

What are the features?

How to prepare for the Unified State Exam in history? Every year, the structure of assignments in various subjects, including history, changes, but the essence remains. For example, considering the features of the history exam in 2017, it is worth noting that it will consist of 2 parts and 25 tasks, where 19 questions require a short answer, and 6 require a detailed answer. All tasks have their own level of difficulty: from basic to high, each is assessed with points.

For the correct answer to a simple question you can get 1 point (for example, for the first task), and for a complete, correct and detailed answer to the last questions of the list (for example, for task 25) you can get from 1 to 11 points, so it is important to understand how to correctly prepare for the Unified State Exam in history.

4 hours are allotted to complete the entire examination work, and the student needs to properly distribute his time, spending from 1 to 7 minutes on simple questions, and up to 40-60 minutes on complex questions.

Main types of concrete stairs

Straight - the simplest and cheapest design. For a more functional use of space, niches and cabinets for storing things can be placed under it. Their width must be at least 1 meter. The steps are the most comfortable - slightly wider than the length of the foot.
Marching ones are more convenient, they allow you to create a not too steep descent, but their installation is possible with a fairly spacious room area.
Screw ones are the best option for a small room. Save space. Their width must be at least 2 meters.

Video. Making concrete stairs

The question of “which staircase to choose” when building a residential building, be it a small dacha or a solid cottage, arises for every developer. The choice of stairs is carried out by considering the following parameters - beauty of the product, cost, originality, reliability, durability. Developers determine the importance of parameters in almost the same order. We, as professionals, still recommend putting the reliability of the design first, and then everything else.

If we compare the construction of wooden or metal stairs, then:

— the complexity of designing wooden or metal stairs with modern software tools is almost the same.

— manufacturing individual metal stairs is much more difficult.

— installation of metal stairs is more labor-intensive.

It would seem that with the same cost and beauty, the choice should be made of wooden products, but still the main advantage of metal stairs or stairs on a metal frame is reliability and durability, and these indicators are the most important.

Reliability can be judged by an example: stairs made on a stringer from a 100x50 profile pipe, over a span of 2.5 meters, can withstand a load of up to 800 kg without consequences, while wooden analogues are better not to be subjected to such loads. Of course, it is unlikely that eight hundred-kilogram guests will be present on the stairs at the same time, but it is still better to have a good margin of safety, including for lifting heavy objects to the second floor. Made exactly according to the project, by qualified workers, metal stairs or stairs on a metal frame will be absolutely reliable and durable.

The metal frame of the staircase can be finished with any materials - wood, glass, ceramics, plastic; stainless steel and glass railings are very popular. There are many options, and almost all components, from steps to various plugs, are quite affordable. Metal stairs trimmed with wood look soft and warm, stairs using stainless steel look bright and modern, the solidity of the premises is emphasized by stairs where the metal frame is covered with marble or granite steps. In all options, design decisions must be based on correct calculation, design and high-quality manufacturing.

We constantly focus on getting the job done right. Correct calculation must ensure strength under possible loads, correct design must accurately fit the staircase into the openings and fulfill the conditions for convenient movement, and finally, only with correct and qualified manufacturing can the end result be a staircase with ideal geometric dimensions.

The metal frame of a staircase is a rather complex product to manufacture. During production, a jig-conductor is required; welding is carried out only with inverter semi-automatic machines; the qualification of the welder must be quite high. Judge for yourself - when welding, as you know, the metal “leads”, i.e. some geometric dimensions and directions change. For a staircase built into a specific location, this is unacceptable, so the work technology must be strictly followed, and the equipment must be professional.

By purchasing a staircase with a metal frame, you can be sure that this product will delight you with its beauty and will provide the required reliability for a long time

. It is better to find out what changes can happen to wooden stairs over time from independent expert experts.

Owners of country houses know that they cannot do without stairs on their property. The design is needed not only from a functional point of view, but also from an aesthetic point of view. For example, creating a beautiful veranda or gazebo. Wooden staircase structures look best, but many consider the choice of such a product to be wrong, because the material cannot boast of durability. Modern wood processing technologies allow you not to be afraid to use it for exterior decoration.

Features of preparation for the second part in history

Separately, it is worth noting that the second part of the history exam is more difficult and requires a detailed answer to the question. It will not be enough to know the exact date of the event; the student will be required to reason on various topics, so it is important to decide how to prepare for the Unified State Exam in history.

For example, you need to analyze a certain event or problem. To do this, it is necessary to identify historical facts and phenomena, point out historical objects, draw a cause-and-effect relationship, compare objects or processes and draw a certain conclusion.

The second part of the exam requires long and special preparation, deep knowledge of history with the points of view of several experts and expressing your opinion.

How long do you need to prepare for the Unified State Exam in History?

The questions that will come up on the exam can be very different, including topics that were covered in the 5th or 6th grade (for example, about Ancient Egypt, Greece or Rome). Therefore, we need to give ourselves the mindset that we are preparing for the Unified State Exam in history from scratch, studying the most ancient worlds. It is recommended to start in 10th grade in order to slowly work through all the questions: read information, solve various tests, complete assignments.

Before you start studying, you should draw up a work plan, create a chronological table where important dates and events will be recorded, which can be a hint for repeating the material covered.

In the process of studying a certain period, it is recommended to look for information not only from the textbook. A good addition to gaining knowledge would be watching a documentary or listening to a report by a famous scientist.

If preparation for the Unified State Exam begins only in 11th grade, then it is more than likely that there will be no time left for in-depth study of the subject. Then the material needs to be divided into large periods in which it is important to remember the main events, key people, wars and reforms.

What are the ways to prepare?

Every student knows that someone is capable of studying independently and does not need outside supervision. Some people remember material better if they study with a tutor. Before you start preparing for the exam, decide how you are comfortable studying the subject and what result you expect in the end. Some will be satisfied with a minimum score, others need a high score, for which it is better to prepare for the exam with a teacher.

In any case, you need to read, constantly take tests, watch films. You can work through assignments from previous years that are publicly available on the Internet. This will help you understand their structure, determine your level of knowledge and evaluate your own preparation.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam in History from scratch on your own

Self-study requires some effort, faith in your knowledge and the ability to properly manage time. Before you start studying the material, you need to understand how to prepare for the Unified State Exam in history, stock up on textbooks, maps, tests, a notebook and a pen.

The next step is to determine how much time it will take to study a topic where it is important not only to read, but also to thoughtfully analyze the information received, checking it with a map of the time being studied, writing down important dates, names and events. Then you can take a test, which will help consolidate your knowledge.

There is no need to memorize all the dates in a row, because remembering them all is unrealistic. It is important to create a system by linking dates to periods of history and key personalities who appeared at that time. Such associative memory will help you remember the material much more and wider.

A metal staircase with wood cladding is the right choice

In recent years, homeowners' interest in metal frame structures, in particular staircases, has increased significantly. This is due not only to fashion trends, but also to the advantages of metal in operation. A variety of design solutions, high wear resistance and an affordable price are the main reasons why many order stairs with metal railings.

The product can take into account the architectural features of the building and fit well into the overall exterior. A metal staircase can play not only a functional role, but also become a full-fledged decorative element. Artistic forging used in manufacturing will turn a standard product into an original creation.

Compared to concrete stairs, a metal product has significant advantages:

compactness;
attractive appearance;
ease;
ease of installation;
limitless design possibilities.

Stairs made of metal with WPC are characterized by high wear resistance. Thanks to special processing, the products are not subject to corrosion or cracks. Over time, a concrete staircase begins to crumble and crack under the influence of moisture, sun and load, while metal products do not have this property. The cost of a staircase with forged handrails is no more than that of a stone one, and its service life is much longer.

The metal staircase structure will become a real highlight of your site. The product will serve you faithfully for decades. Metal does not require special care; wooden components are treated with protective solutions during the production process, so the buyer can only use such a staircase without worrying about maintenance.

Reliability; Ease of use; A harmonious combination of the design of steps and railings with the interior features of the room.

We use time management in preparation

Time management is the science of time management, which can be used both in work and in life, in particular when preparing for exams. You can use different techniques, but they all boil down to a few simple rules:

If you have to analyze a large topic, it is better to break it down into several small ones, which will allow you to study it more deeply and thoughtfully.
You should study “correctly”, measuring, for example, 30 minutes to master the material. Even if during this time you were not able to study the entire topic, you should definitely take a break for 5 minutes, and then, after a short rest, continue studying again.
It is definitely recommended to create a working mood, for example, by settling in a place where the topic is best remembered. Not everyone can teach while lying on the couch or listening to music. Therefore, you need to choose a desktop where books, notebooks with pens and maps will be placed.

Which staircase is better, wooden or concrete?

In this regard, a logical question arises: “Which staircase to choose?”

Thanks to modern materials, you can easily build a wooden, metal or concrete staircase of almost any shape.

Which staircase is better - concrete, wood or metal?

Basic mistakes

All students make some mistakes when preparing for an exam, but they can be avoided if you approach the subject correctly. Let this be the history of Russia. We prepare for the Unified State Exam and avoid making common mistakes.

You should not start preparing a week before the exam, even if you need to score the minimum number of points. If you read all the material in a few days, your memory will retain little information.

If you simply read materials on history without consolidating them, then, most likely, most of them will be forgotten. Therefore, after studying a topic, you can take a test on the topic you have studied, or ask friends or parents to ask specific questions, and you give detailed answers.

If you start preparing for the exam in advance, you should not spend the whole day studying first and then take a break for several days. Spend 2 hours every day and the information will be easier to digest.

In this regard, a logical question arises: “Which staircase to choose?” Thanks to modern materials, you can easily build a wooden, metal or concrete staircase of almost any shape. It is necessary to take into account not only the cost of the staircase itself, but also the cost of finishing it. Therefore, we will consider all the pros and cons of products made from the most common materials, as well as the shapes of stairs.

What features need to be taken into account

Each type of staircase structure has its own specific nuances and features. The inconvenience of spiral staircases dictates their installation as additional structures for climbing to another level, attic, or going down to the basement.

It is recommended to fasten staircases on one side to load-bearing walls using special brackets, which provides additional strength. Marching stairs will be much more convenient if the platforms between them are placed every 10 degrees.

If there is too little space for a ladder or the opening in the ceiling cannot be made of sufficient size, then you can increase the angle of inclination of the ladder relative to the horizontal surface. In this case, the installation of steps called “duck step” is provided.

A staircase without risers will look lighter, but if there are children in the house or they are planned to appear in the future, then it would be better to make the steps blank.

In fact, there are quite a lot of options to make a convenient and safe staircase structure. It all depends on the specific room and the people living in the house. And if the owner is confused and doubts the chosen design, then it is better to consult with knowledgeable specialists.

The basis of any staircase design is its functionality and aesthetics. The practical component is paramount. But appearance also plays a significant role.

The material from which the structure is made affects both its technical parameters and design. Let's consider the questions of which staircase is better: metal or wood, what is affected by the use of each of these materials, and where is it better to use such a design.

According to their purpose, all stairs can be divided into:

Input;
Interfloor;
Passage;
Workers.

By location they can be external or internal, by functionality:

Stationary;
Portable;
Transformable.

Staircases differ according to the material they are made of:

Concrete;
Made from natural stone;
Brick;
Wooden;
Metal;
Glass;
Combined.

Type:

Screw;
Marching;
Combined.

Marching stairs are the most common in use.

They are easy to manufacture and can be:

Single march;
Double march;
Multi-march.

Screw ones are more suitable when it is necessary to save space in the room.

Combined options are often chosen for individual projects.

Types of stairs

There are three main types of stairs that are built in country houses:

Direct. This is the simplest and cheapest option for arranging a staircase, regardless of what material it is made of. A free space is created under the stairs, which can be left unchanged or filled with niches and cabinets for storing things. As a rule, the width of such stairs does not exceed 1 meter. Also, a straight staircase allows you to build the most comfortable steps, of optimal width (slightly longer than an adult’s foot).
Marching. In this case, a straight zone appears between two staircase openings. Such structures are optimal for spacious rooms with high ceilings or if the house has more than 2 floors. The staircase can be L-shaped or U-shaped.
Screw. This is an option for small areas.

All these stairs can be made from metal, concrete or wood.

The problem of squeaks

The metal stairs also creak. This may be due to the following reasons:

poor quality assembly and welding of structures;
Insufficiently rigid fastening to the walls or floor.

As a result, friction between metal parts (under the influence of loads when walking on steps) leads to creaking. Such defects are quite common, and their elimination is a labor-intensive process. Repair will be even more difficult if the fastening points of metal parts are hidden under wooden trim.

Concrete stairs do not creak, but the situation is different with their finishing. It is not always possible to make the steps perfectly even in height, so for leveling and also to protect wooden steps from concrete, you have to use plywood or OSB pads. But the more structural elements in a unit, the higher the risk of squeaks. Also, the quality of finishing of concrete bases and the absence of backlash largely depends on the level of skill of the performer.

Metal stairs

Such stairs fit optimally into a design that includes forged fences, railings, etc. But they also go well with wood, glass, and stone. These are reliable, durable and very durable structures. They are able to withstand heavy loads, and installation of such products is carried out at any stage of construction or after its completion. The metal is fireproof, resistant to mold and mildew. In addition, such stairs are the cheapest.

But such designs also have disadvantages. For example, if we are talking about a metal staircase without any finishing, then its steps will be very slippery. Therefore, it is recommended to make these elements from plastic or wood. And if you think that, unlike a wooden structure, it does not creak, then you are very mistaken.

Healthy! Steel stairs coated with powder paint last the longest.

Firstly, if the metal is too thin, then the steps will bend a little under the weight of a person. Secondly, if the steps are metal, then every step will be accompanied by a hum. If the fastening to the walls was not sufficiently rigid or the welding failed, then the steps will creak worse than any wood.

Initially, this option may seem cheaper. Concrete stairs actually cost almost twice as much as their wooden counterparts. But if you build such a structure, it will not look comfortable. This means you'll have to think about finishing. Some even completely cover the concrete with wood, which significantly increases the cost of the finished product.

If we talk about the advantages, it is worth highlighting:

Long service life (up to 40 years). Reinforced concrete can cope with enormous loads.

Healthy! The service life largely depends on the climate in the region of residence, as well as on the frost resistance parameters of the selected concrete.

Concrete is not affected by moisture. This is a fire resistant material.
Concrete structures are not interesting to rodents and insects.
Fast production. Such structures are erected directly on site in 2-3 days.

Healthy! Despite the speed of manufacturing such a staircase, experts recommend pouring concrete simultaneously with the construction of the interfloor ceiling or the so-called box.

No load on the wall structure. Moreover, we can say that the concrete staircase is an additional point of support.
No creaking. Even if wood was used for decoration, there should not be such a drawback. Creaking will only appear if the steps are too uneven.
Variety of forms. Concrete is a very plastic material.

Healthy! If you build a wooden spiral staircase, you will have to install a central support pillar. When making a concrete structure, this need disappears.

Concrete stairs are:

Monolithic. In this case, they are poured in place and form a single whole.
Prefabricated. You can order the ladder in parts and then install it in the desired location.

But such designs also have disadvantages. For example,:

Concrete stairs, due to their impressive weight, are suitable only for stone, monolithic, brick, prefabricated monolithic and other houses with a reinforced structure.
If you cover the entire staircase with wood or “ennoble” it with marble or other stone, then its cost will be higher than its wooden counterpart.

Also, self-construction will require a lot of effort.

WPC - reliable protection of street stairs

Wood is a beautiful and durable building material, but it has some disadvantages. Susceptible:

rotting;
delamination;
infection by parasites;
the occurrence of mold and mildew.

Modern wood processing technologies make it possible to forget about such troubles once and for all. Impregnation with wood-polymer composite has proven itself to be excellent. The product is made from sawdust and polymer composite. In addition to protecting against the rapid natural destruction of wood, impregnation prevents the negative effects of direct sunlight and sudden temperature changes.

Features of installing concrete stairs

First you need to prepare the formwork. After this, reinforcement is installed and concrete is poured. The first stage is considered the most difficult, and if you have a more complex form in mind, it will be easier to hand over the work to a master. Or you can make a straight single-flight structure located between two walls. In this case, the side elements of the formwork are eliminated, which greatly simplifies the work. To do this, simply draw the outline of the future staircase on the walls.

It’s a little more difficult if the structure is adjacent to the wall on only one side. To do this, you will have to think through the end elements of the formwork. If you do them incorrectly, then the entire structure will “go away.”

Many people believe that wood is significantly inferior to concrete and metal. But in reality it all depends on the quality of the wood. For example, oak, beech and ash are highly hard. Such stairs last at least 50 years. And if the owner of the house periodically takes care of the stairs and carries out treatment, then this period can be doubled.

Healthy! Due to their low weight, wooden stairs are suitable not only for concrete, but also for frame and wooden houses.

It is also not entirely true that all wooden stairs creak. If the design is made using all technologies, then there will be no such shortcomings. By the way, the highest quality stairs are made in the workshop, and not on site. First, a drawing is developed (if the elements do not correspond to each other even slightly, then sooner or later creaks and cracks will appear) and then the production process begins. On the one hand, this guarantees quality, and on the other, it brings us to the main disadvantages of such products.

Among them it is worth highlighting:

Long production time. If a concrete staircase is ready in 2-3 days, then the production of a wooden structure will take at least 40 days, plus the time spent on delivery and installation.
Possibility of installation only after completion of capital construction and internal rough work. Otherwise, there is a risk of damaging the wood. In addition, it will be affected by dust and construction debris.
Additional load on the walls. Although wood weighs less than concrete, it does not have its own support. In addition, special embedded elements will have to be installed in load-bearing walls, which will reduce their strength characteristics.
Fire hazard.

In addition, rodents and insects love to feast on the tree. If the room is poorly ventilated, mold and mildew will grow in it.

Finishing concrete stairs

The concrete surface itself is no different in beauty, even if it is sanded. You can arrange the stairs in your cottage yourself. The cheapest option is to paint the steps. Now construction supermarkets offer a lot of modern finishing materials - marble, ceramic or granite tiles, linoleum, carpet, laminate. But most often, owners tend to use wood for decoration. Wooden steps give the interior coziness, nobility, and have a beneficial effect on the microclimate of the room. Wood lends itself well to processing and slightly adds weight to the staircase structure. Wood material has a beautiful and varied texture, making it possible to harmoniously combine the staircase with any interior. To finish the steps you will need durable wood, and for railings, balusters and other decorative elements, soft wood is suitable, the cost of which is much lower.

Features of installation of wooden stairs

In short, it all starts with drawing up a detailed drawing. After this, steps are cut, which are connected to two bowstrings. Next, the bars are installed that should support these steps.

Although the wood does not need additional finishing, it is better to paint it. To do this, you must first level the surfaces. If necessary, use a special wood putty. When the putty layer has dried, the surfaces must be sanded well. This is done in two stages.

First, the work is carried out using coarse sandpaper, then more delicate processing is carried out. The smoother the surface, the better the entire staircase will look, so much attention is paid to this stage.

After this, the wood is impregnated with compounds that will help protect it from insects, fungus and mold. At the next stage, it is advisable to cover the surface of the stairs with a primer (selected in accordance with the final color).

Healthy! Special paint for wooden stairs is also needed. You need to buy alkyd or urethane type compounds.

If you don’t want to paint the stairs and you want to preserve the beautiful structure of the wood, then you can highlight it and protect the material from external influences with the help of stain.

Wooden staircase

This type of stairs will be convenient in most cases. Wooden stairs:

are inexpensive if you limit yourself to a simple and reliable option;
are light in weight;
have the ability to change the design; to do this, it is enough to change the color, patina or age;
goes well with all types of materials.

In order to install a wooden staircase, you must first draw up a detailed diagram of all its elements. It is necessary to cut the steps in advance and create two bowstrings, as well as supporting bars. Then proceed directly to installation. To do this, you need to connect the steps with bowstrings and equip them with supporting bars.

After installation, you can proceed to the painting stage. First you need to carry out the preparatory stage. It is necessary to putty and sand the surface of the wood to make it as smooth as possible, devoid of pits and elevations. This must be done using special mixtures intended for wood. Sanding must be done after puttying. The putty layer must dry. Only then can grinding be carried out, which is carried out in two stages. The first is rough, and the second is more thorough and delicate. The result should be a perfectly flat surface of the wood.

Before painting, you need to treat the stairs with a primer. It should match the color of the paint, be in tone with it. The shade of the primer will affect the final painting result. As for paint, it must be chosen from alkyd or urethane types.

Instead of painting, you can treat the stairs with stain. It will perfectly highlight the structure of the wood pattern. A staircase treated with stain will look very beautiful. Natural patterns always look better than painted wood. By following these simple rules, you can make a wooden staircase in your private home comfortable and beautiful.